【作者】陈成,中国联通软件研究院容器云研发工程师,公共平台与架构研发事业部云计算研发组长,长期从事大规模基础平台建设相关工作,先后从事Mesos、KVM、K8S等研究,专注于容器云计算框架、集群调度、虚拟化等。
故事的开始,让我们先从一件生产故障说起。5月29日,内部某系统出现大规模访问Service故障,发现Pod容器内无法正常访问ServiceIP:Port,整个故障持续时间超过12h,相关运维支撑人员没有找到根本原因和解决办法。
经过复盘,我们发现,大家对于K8S Service的原理不够清晰,导致对问题的定位不能做得到快速准确,如果当时能够按照如下的思路去思考问题,排查过程不至于花费如此久的时间。
下面,我们就来细说一下Service在Kubernetes中的作用、使用方法及原理。
Service是一种暴露一组Pod网络的抽象方式,K8S Service提供了针对于一组Pod的负载均衡的暴露。通过这样的方式,可以避免不同的pod之间访问时需要知晓对应pod网络信息的痛苦。例如:前端->后端,由于前端POD IP随时变动,后端亦如此,如何处理前端POD和后端POD的通信,就需要Service这一抽象,来保证简单可靠。
Service的使用
1、典型服务配置方法
当配置了selector之后,Service Controller会自动查找匹配这个selector的pod,并且创建出一个同名的endpoint对象,负责具体service之后连接。
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: my-service
spec:
selector:
app: MyApp
ports:
protocol: TCP
port: 80
targetPort: 9376
2、配置没有selector的服务
没有selector的service不会出现Endpoint的信息,需要手工创建Endpoint绑定,Endpoint可以是内部的pod,也可以是外部的服务。
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: my-service
spec:
ports:
protocol: TCP
port: 80
targetPort: 9376
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Endpoints
metadata:
name: my-service
subsets:
addresses:
ip: 192.0.2.42
ports:
port: 9376
Service的类型
1.CluserIP
kubectl expose pod nginx --type=CluserIP --port=80 --name=ng-svc
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: ng-svc
namespace: default
spec:
selector:
name: nginx
clusterIP: 11.254.0.2
ports:
name: http
port: 80
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 1234
sessionAffinity: None
type: ClusterIP
2.LoadBalance
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: my-service
spec:
selector:
app: MyApp
ports:
protocol: TCP
port: 80
targetPort: 9376
clusterIP: 10.0.171.239
type: LoadBalancer
status:
loadBalancer:
ingress:
ip: 192.0.2.127
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: my-service
spec:
type: NodePort
selector:
app: MyApp
ports:
port: 80
targetPort: 80
nodePort: 30007
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
labels:
run: curl
name: my-headless-service
namespace: default
spec:
clusterIP: None
ports:
port: 80
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 80
selector:
run: curl
type: ClusterIP
# ping my-headless-service
PING my-headless-service (172.200.6.207): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 172.200.6.207: seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.040 ms
64 bytes from 172.200.6.207: seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms
对没有定义选择算符的无头服务,Endpoint 控制器不会创建 Endpoints 记录。然而 DNS 系统会查找和配置,无论是:
-
对于 ExternalName 类型的服务,查找其 CNAME 记录
-
对所有其他类型的服务,查找与 Service 名称相同的任何 Endpoints 的记录
Service的实现方式
1.用户态代理访问
即:当对于每个Service,Kube-Proxy会在本地Node上打开一个随机选择的端口,连接到代理端口的请求,都会被代理转发给Pod。那么通过Iptables规则,捕获到达Service:Port的请求都会被转发到代理端口,代理端口重新转为对Pod的访问
这种方式的缺点是存在内核态转为用户态,再有用户态转发的两次转换,性能较差,一般不再使用
2.Iptables模式
3.Ipvs模式
Service Iptables实现原理
Iptables表和链及处理过程
Service的Traffic流量将会通过prerouting和output重定向到kube-service链
-A PREROUTING -m comment --comment "kubernetes service portals" -j KUBE-SERVICES
-A POSTROUTING -m comment --comment "kubernetes postrouting rules" -j KUBE-POSTROUTING
-A OUTPUT -m comment --comment "kubernetes service portals" -j KUBE-SERVICES
-
KUBE-SERVICES->KUBE-SVC-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX->KUBE-SEP-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX represents a ClusterIP service
-
KUBE-NODEPORTS->KUBE-SVC-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX->KUBE-SEP-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX represents a NodePort service
几种不同类型的Service在Kube-Proxy启用Iptables模式下上的表现
-
ClusterIP
-A KUBE-SERVICES ! -s 172.200.0.0/16 -d 10.100.160.92/32 -p tcp -m comment --comment "default/ccs-gateway-clusterip:http cluster IP" -m tcp --dport 30080 -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SERVICES -d 10.100.160.92/32 -p tcp -m comment --comment "default/ccs-gateway-clusterip:http cluster IP" -m tcp --dport 30080 -j KUBE-SVC-76GERFBRR2RGHNBJ
-A KUBE-SVC-76GERFBRR2RGHNBJ -m comment --comment "default/ccs-gateway-clusterip:http" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.33333333349 -j KUBE-SEP-GBVECAZBIC3ZKMXB
-A KUBE-SVC-76GERFBRR2RGHNBJ -m comment --comment "default/ccs-gateway-clusterip:http" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.50000000000 -j KUBE-SEP-PVCYYXEU44D3IMGK
-A KUBE-SVC-76GERFBRR2RGHNBJ -m comment --comment "default/ccs-gateway-clusterip:http" -j KUBE-SEP-JECGZLHE32MEARRX
-A KUBE-SVC-CEZPIJSAUFW5MYPQ -m comment --comment "kubernetes-dashboard/kubernetes-dashboard" -j KUBE-SEP-QO6MV4HR5U56RP7M
-A KUBE-SEP-GBVECAZBIC3ZKMXB -s 172.200.6.224/32 -m comment --comment "default/ccs-gateway-clusterip:http" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SEP-GBVECAZBIC3ZKMXB -p tcp -m comment --comment "default/ccs-gateway-clusterip:http" -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 172.200.6.224:80
...
-
NodePort
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
labels:
app: ccs-gateway
spec:
clusterIP: 10.101.156.39
externalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
ports:
name: http
nodePort: 30081
port: 30080
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 80
selector:
app: ccs-gateway
sessionAffinity: None
type: NodePort
-A KUBE-NODEPORTS -p tcp -m comment --comment "default/ccs-gateway-service:http" -m tcp --dport 30081 -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-NODEPORTS -p tcp -m comment --comment "default/ccs-gateway-service:http" -m tcp --dport 30081 -j KUBE-SVC-QYHRFFHL5VINYT2K
############################
-A KUBE-SVC-QYHRFFHL5VINYT2K -m comment --comment "default/ccs-gateway-service:http" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.50000000000 -j KUBE-SEP-2NPKETIWKKVUXGCL
-A KUBE-SVC-QYHRFFHL5VINYT2K -m comment --comment "default/ccs-gateway-service:http" -j KUBE-SEP-6O5FHQRN5IVNPW4Q
##########################
-A KUBE-SEP-2NPKETIWKKVUXGCL -s 172.200.6.224/32 -m comment --comment "default/ccs-gateway-service:http" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SEP-2NPKETIWKKVUXGCL -p tcp -m comment --comment "default/ccs-gateway-service:http" -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 172.200.6.224:80
#########################
-A KUBE-SEP-6O5FHQRN5IVNPW4Q -s 172.200.6.225/32 -m comment --comment "default/ccs-gateway-service:http" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SEP-6O5FHQRN5IVNPW4Q -p tcp -m comment --comment "default/ccs-gateway-service:http" -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 172.200.6.225:80
同时,可以看到Service所申请的端口38081被Kube-proxy所代理和监听
# netstat -ntlp | grep 30081
tcp 0 00.0.0.0:30081 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3665705/kube-proxy
-
LoadBalancer
不带有Endpoint的Service
kubectl create svc clusterip fake-endpoint --tcp=80
-A KUBE-SERVICES -d 10.101.117.0/32 -p tcp -m comment --comment "default/fake-endpoint:80 has no endpoints" -m tcp --dport 80 -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable
带有外部endpoint的Service
直接通过iptable规则转发到对应的外部ep地址
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
labels:
app: external
name: external
namespace: default
spec:
ports:
name: http
protocol: TCP
port: 80
sessionAffinity: None
type: ClusterIP
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Endpoints
metadata:
labels:
app: external
name: external
namespace: default
subsets:
addresses:
ip: 10.124.142.43
ports:
name: http
port: 80
protocol: TCP
-A KUBE-SERVICES ! -s 172.200.0.0/16 -d 10.111.246.87/32 -p tcp -m comment --comment "default/external:http cluster IP" -m tcp --dport 80 -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SERVICES -d 10.111.246.87/32 -p tcp -m comment --comment "default/external:http cluster IP" -m tcp --dport 80 -j KUBE-SVC-LI2K5327B6J24KJ3
-A KUBE-SEP-QTGIPNOYXN2CZGD5 -s 10.124.142.43/32 -m comment --comment "default/external:http" -j KUBE-MARK-MASQ
-A KUBE-SEP-QTGIPNOYXN2CZGD5 -p tcp -m comment --comment "default/external:http" -m tcp -j DNAT --to-destination 10.124.142.43:80
总结
-
ClusterIP类型,KubeProxy监听Service和Endpoint创建规则,采用DNAT将目标地址转换为Pod的ip和端口,当有多个ep时,按照策略进行转发,默认RR模式时,iptables采用:比如有4个实例,四条规则的概率分别为0.25, 0.33, 0.5和 1,按照顺序,一次匹配完成整个流量的分配。
-
NodePort类型,将会在上述ClusterIP模式之后,再加上Kube-Proxy的监听(为了确保其他服务不会占用该端口)和KUBE-NODEPORT的iptable规则
参考文献
1、iptables https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iptables
2、ipvs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Virtual_Server
3、K8S Service https://kubernetes.io/zh/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/
原题:K8S Service实战与原理初探 欢迎点击文末阅读原文到社区阅读和讨论交流,发表您的看法 觉得本文有用,请转发或点击在看,让更多同行看到
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