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正文共:2320 字
预计阅读时间:13 分钟
作者:Kent C. Dodds
翻译:疯狂的技术宅
来源:kentcdodds
与我使用的其他框架相比,我最喜欢 React 的原因之一就是它对 JavaScript 的暴露程度。没有模板DSL( JSX 编译为合理的 JavaScript),组件 API 只是通过添加 React Hooks 变得更简单,并且该框架为解决的核心 UI 问题提供非常少的抽象概念。
因此,学习 JavaScript 对于使用 React 有效构建应用程序是非常可取的。所以这里有一些 JavaScript 功能,我建议你花一些时间学习,这样你就可以尽可能有效地使用 React。
模板文字
模板文字就像具有超能力的字符串:
1const greeting = 'Hello'
2const subject = 'World'
3console.log(`${greeting} ${subject}!`) // Hello World!
4
5// this is the same as:
6console.log(greeting + ' ' + subject + '!')
7
8// in React:
9function Box({className, ...props}) {
10 return <div className={`box ${className}`} {...props} />
11}
12
MDN:模板文字(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Template_literals)
简写属性名
很常见并且有用,我直到现在都没有想到可以这样做。
1const a = 'hello'
2const b = 42
3const c = {d: [true, false]}
4console.log({a, b, c})
5
6// this is the same as:
7console.log({a: a, b: b, c: c})
8
9// in React:
10function Counter({initialCount, step}) {
11 const [count, setCount] = useCounter({initialCount, step})
12 return <button onClick={setCount}>{count}</button>
13}
MDN:ECMAScript 2015中对象初始化的新表示法(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Object_initializer#New_notations_in_ECMAScript_2015)
箭头函数
箭头函数是在 JavaScript 中另一种编写函数的方法,但它们确实存在一些语义差异。幸运的是我们在 React 的土地上,如果在项目中使用hook(而不是类)就不必担心 this
,但是箭头函数允许更复杂的匿名函数和隐式返回,所以你会看到并想要充分利用箭头的功能。
1const getFive = () => 5
2const addFive = a => a + 5
3const divide = (a, b) => a / b
4
5// this is the same as:
6function getFive() {
7 return 5
8}
9function addFive(a) {
10 return a + 5
11}
12function divide(a, b) {
13 return a / b
14}
15
16// in React:
17function TeddyBearList({teddyBears}) {
18 return (
19 <ul>
20 {teddyBears.map(teddyBear => (
21 <li key={teddyBear.id}>
22 <span>{teddyBear.name}</span>
23 </li>
24 ))}
25 </ul>
26 )
27}
MDN:箭头函数(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/Arrow_functions)
解构
解构可能是我最喜欢的 JavaScript 功能。我一直在构造对象和数组(如果你使用 useState
,可能也是如此,就像这样【https://kentcdodds.com/blog/react-hooks-array-destructuring-fundamentals】)。我喜欢它的陈述性。
1// const obj = {x: 3.6, y: 7.8}
2// makeCalculation(obj)
3
4function makeCalculation({x, y: d, z = 4}) {
5 return Math.floor((x + d + z) / 3)
6}
7
8/ this is the same as
9function makeCalculation(obj) {
10 const {x, y: d, z = 4} = obj
11 return Math.floor((x + d + z) / 3)
12}
13
14// which is the same as
15function makeCalculation(obj) {
16 const x = obj.x
17 const d = obj.y
18 const z = obj.z === undefined ? 4 : obj.z
19 return Math.floor((x + d + z) / 3)
20}
21
22// in React:
23function UserGitHubImg({username = 'ghost', ...props}) {
24 return <img src={`https://github.com/${username}.png`} {...props} />
25}
26
MDN:解构分配(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Destructuring_assignment)
一等要去阅读 MDN 文章,你肯定能够学到新东西。当你完成后,尝试用单行解构:
1function nestedArrayAndObject() {
2 // refactor this to a single line of destructuring...
3 const info = {
4 title: 'Once Upon a Time',
5 protagonist: {
6 name: 'Emma Swan',
7 enemies: [
8 {name: 'Regina Mills', title: 'Evil Queen'},
9 {name: 'Cora Mills', title: 'Queen of Hearts'},
10 {name: 'Peter Pan', title: `The boy who wouldn't grow up`},
11 {name: 'Zelena', title: 'The Wicked Witch'},
12 ],
13 },
14 }
15 // const {} = info // <-- replace the next few `const` lines with this
16 const title = info.title
17 const protagonistName = info.protagonist.name
18 const enemy = info.protagonist.enemies[3]
19 const enemyTitle = enemy.title
20 const enemyName = enemy.name
21 return `${enemyName} (${enemyTitle}) is an enemy to ${protagonistName} in "${title}"`
22}
参数默认值
这是另一个我一直在用的功能:一种以声明方式表达函数默认值的非常强大的方法。
1// add(1)
2// add(1, 2)
3function add(a, b = 0) {
4 return a + b
5}
6
7// is the same as
8const add = (a, b = 0) => a + b
9
10// is the same as
11function add(a, b) {
12 b = b === undefined ? 0 : b
13 return a + b
14}
15
16// in React:
17function useLocalStorageState({
18 key,
19 initialValue,
20 serialize = v => v,
21 deserialize = v => v,
22}) {
23 const [state, setState] = React.useState(
24 () => deserialize(window.localStorage.getItem(key)) || initialValue,
25 )
26
27 const serializedState = serialize(state)
28 React.useEffect(() => {
29 window.localStorage.setItem(key, serializedState)
30 }, [key, serializedState])
31
32 return [state, setState]
33}
MDN:默认参数(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/Default_parameters)
Rest/Spread
...
语法可以被认为是一种“集合”语法,它在一组值上运行。我一直都在使用,强烈建议你也学习。它实际上在不同的环境中有不同的含义,因此学习那些细微差别会对你有所帮助。
1const arr = [5, 6, 8, 4, 9]
2Math.max(...arr)
3// is the same as
4Math.max.apply(null, arr)
5
6const obj1 = {
7 a: 'a from obj1',
8 b: 'b from obj1',
9 c: 'c from obj1',
10 d: {
11 e: 'e from obj1',
12 f: 'f from obj1',
13 },
14}
15const obj2 = {
16 b: 'b from obj2',
17 c: 'c from obj2',
18 d: {
19 g: 'g from obj2',
20 h: 'g from obj2',
21 },
22}
23console.log({...obj1, ...obj2})
24// is the same as
25console.log(Object.assign({}, obj1, obj2))
26
27function add(first, ...rest) {
28 return rest.reduce((sum, next) => sum + next, first)
29}
30// is the same as
31function add() {
32 const first = arguments[0]
33 const rest = Array.from(arguments).slice(1)
34 return rest.reduce((sum, next) => sum + next, first)
35}
36
37// in React:
38function Box({className, ...restOfTheProps}) {
39 const defaultProps = {
40 className: `box ${className}`,
41 children: 'Empty box',
42 }
43 return <div {...defaultProps} {...restOfTheProps} />
44}
45
MDN:Spread语法(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Spread_syntax)
MDN:Rest 参数(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/rest_parameters)
ESModules
如果你正在使用现代工具构建自己的程序,它应该能够支持模块,了解语法怎样工作是个好主意,因为所有的甚至微不足道的程序都可能需要使用模块来重用代码。
1export default function add(a, b) {
2 return a + b
3}
4
5/*
6 * import add from './add'
7 * console.assert(add(3, 2) === 5)
8 */
9
10export const foo = 'bar'
11
12/*
13 * import {foo} from './foo'
14 * console.assert(foo === 'bar')
15 */
16
17export function subtract(a, b) {
18 return a - b
19}
20
21export const now = new Date()
22
23/*
24 * import {subtract, now} from './stuff'
25 * console.assert(subtract(4, 2) === 2)
26 * console.assert(now instanceof Date)
27 */
28
29// in React:
30import React, {Suspense, Fragment} from 'react'
MDN:import(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/import)
MDN:export(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/export)
三元表达式
我喜欢三元表达式。他们的声明很漂亮。特别是在 JSX 中。
1const message = bottle.fullOfSoda
2 ? 'The bottle has soda!'
3 : 'The bottle may not have soda :-('
4
5// is the same as
6let message
7if (bottle.fullOfSoda) {
8 message = 'The bottle has soda!'
9} else {
10 message = 'The bottle may not have soda :-('
11}
12
13// in React:
14function TeddyBearList({teddyBears}) {
15 return (
16 <React.Fragment>
17 {teddyBears.length ? (
18 <ul>
19 {teddyBears.map(teddyBear => (
20 <li key={teddyBear.id}>
21 <span>{teddyBear.name}</span>
22 </li>
23 ))}
24 </ul>
25 ) : (
26 <div>There are no teddy bears. The sadness.</div>
27 )}
28 </React.Fragment>
29 )
30}
31
我意识到,在 prettier 出现并清理我们的代码之前,一些人不得不花时间弄清楚三元运算符是怎么回事,这让三元表达式变得令人反感。如果你还没有使用 prettier,我强烈建议你这样做。prettier 将使你的三元表达式更容易阅读。
MDN:条件(三元)运算符(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Conditional_Operator)
数组方法
数组很棒,我一直使用数组方法!以下是我常用的方法:
-
find
-
some
-
every
-
includes
-
map
-
filter
-
reduce
这里有些例子:
1const dogs = [
2 {
3 id: 'dog-1',
4 name: 'Poodle',
5 temperament: [
6 'Intelligent',
7 'Active',
8 'Alert',
9 'Faithful',
10 'Trainable',
11 'Instinctual',
12 ],
13 },
14 {
15 id: 'dog-2',
16 name: 'Bernese Mountain Dog',
17 temperament: ['Affectionate', 'Intelligent', 'Loyal', 'Faithful'],
18 },
19 {
20 id: 'dog-3',
21 name: 'Labrador Retriever',
22 temperament: [
23 'Intelligent',
24 'Even Tempered',
25 'Kind',
26 'Agile',
27 'Outgoing',
28 'Trusting',
29 'Gentle',
30 ],
31 },
32]
33
34dogs.find(dog => dog.name === 'Bernese Mountain Dog')
35// {id: 'dog-2', name: 'Bernese Mountain Dog', ...etc}
36
37dogs.some(dog => dog.temperament.includes('Aggressive'))
38// false
39
40dogs.some(dog => dog.temperament.includes('Trusting'))
41// true
42
43dogs.every(dog => dog.temperament.includes('Trusting'))
44// false
45
46dogs.every(dog => dog.temperament.includes('Intelligent'))
47// true
48
49dogs.map(dog => dog.name)
50// ['Poodle', 'Bernese Mountain Dog', 'Labrador Retriever']
51
52dogs.filter(dog => dog.temperament.includes('Faithful'))
53// [{id: 'dog-1', ..etc}, {id: 'dog-2', ...etc}]
54
55dogs.reduce((allTemperaments, dog) => {
56 return [...allTemperaments, ...dog.temperaments]
57}, [])
58// [ 'Intelligent', 'Active', 'Alert', ...etc ]
59
60// in React:
61function RepositoryList({repositories, owner}) {
62 return (
63 <ul>
64 {repositories
65 .filter(repo => repo.owner === owner)
66 .map(repo => (
67 <li key={repo.id}>{repo.name}</li>
68 ))}
69 </ul>
70 )
71}
MDN:Array(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array)
Promises 和 async/await
这是一个很大的主题,可以在它们身上多花一些时间。Promises 在 JavaScript 生态中无处不在,并且由于 React在该生态系统中的根深蒂固,它们几乎到处都是(事实上,React 本身在内部也在使用 promises)。
Promises 可帮助你管理异步代码。Async/await 语法是处理 promises 的特殊语法。这两者是相辅相成的。
1function promises() {
2 const successfulPromise = timeout(100).then(result => `success: ${result}`)
3
4 const failingPromise = timeout(200, true).then(null, error =>
5 Promise.reject(`failure: ${error}`),
6 )
7
8 const recoveredPromise = timeout(300, true).then(null, error =>
9 Promise.resolve(`failed and recovered: ${error}`),
10 )
11
12 successfulPromise.then(log, logError)
13 failingPromise.then(log, logError)
14 recoveredPromise.then(log, logError)
15}
16
17function asyncAwaits() {
18 async function successfulAsyncAwait() {
19 const result = await timeout(100)
20 return `success: ${result}`
21 }
22
23 async function failedAsyncAwait() {
24 const result = await timeout(200, true)
25 return `failed: ${result}`
26 }
27
28 async function recoveredAsyncAwait() {
29 let result
30 try {
31 result = await timeout(300, true)
32 return `failed: ${result}` // this would not be executed
33 } catch (error) {
34 return `failed and recovered: ${error}`
35 }
36 }
37
38 successfulAsyncAwait().then(log, logError)
39 failedAsyncAwait().then(log, logError)
40 recoveredAsyncAwait().then(log, logError)
41}
42
43function log(...args) {
44 console.log(...args)
45}
46
47function logError(...args) {
48 console.error(...args)
49}
50
51// This is the mothership of all things asynchronous
52function timeout(duration = 0, shouldReject = false) {
53 return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
54 setTimeout(() => {
55 if (shouldReject) {
56 reject(`rejected after ${duration}ms`)
57 } else {
58 resolve(`resolved after ${duration}ms`)
59 }
60 }, duration)
61 })
62}
63
64// in React:
65function GetGreetingForSubject({subject}) {
66 const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = React.useState(false)
67 const [error, setError] = React.useState(null)
68 const [greeting, setGreeting] = React.useState(null)
69
70 React.useEffect(() => {
71 async function fetchGreeting() {
72 try {
73 const response = await window.fetch('https://example.com/api/greeting')
74 const data = await response.json()
75 setGreeting(data.greeting)
76 } catch (error) {
77 setError(error)
78 } finally {
79 setIsLoading(false)
80 }
81 }
82 setIsLoading(true)
83 fetchGreeting()
84 }, [])
85
86 return isLoading ? (
87 'loading...'
88 ) : error ? (
89 'ERROR!'
90 ) : greeting ? (
91 <div>
92 {greeting} {subject}
93 </div>
94 ) : null
95}
MDN:Promise(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise)
MDN:async function(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/async_function)
MDN:await(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/await)
结论
当然有许多语言功能在构建 React 应用时很有用,这些是我最喜欢的,我发现自己一次又一次地使用它们。希望对你有帮助。
原文:https://kentcdodds.com/blog/javascript-to-know-for-react
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